IP-Related Refusals to Deal. Part 1: Updating the Intel-Intergraph Controversy

IP-Related Refusals to Deal-Part 2: Pretext and Misconduct as Standards

In the last issue of IEEE Micro (Jan.-Feb. 2000, pp. 9-12), Micro Law addressed the Kodak, Intel, and Xerox cases, largely from the vantage point of tactics. All of these cases involved a powerful manufacturer’s refusal to sell patented parts, or to license its intellectual property rights, to a rival. Kodak was unsuccessful in the San Francisco federal court of appeals and the US Supreme Court...

Exclusionary Conduct Testimony Before the Antitrust Modernization Commission

Refusals to deal come in many different forms. Appropriate legal standards differ across these forms. A vertical refusal to deal arises when a dominant input supplier refuses to sell its input to downstream rivals. A complementary refusal to deal arises when the dominant supplier of one product sells that product to customers as part of a bundle but refuses to sell that product alone to a rival...

Effects of Concurrent Group Dynamic Assessment on Iranian EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Competence: A Case of Requests and Refusals

Pragmatic competence is one of the most important components of successful communication; also, it is the most difficult aspect of SLA. This study aimed to explore the effects of concurrent group dynamic assessment (G-DA) on Iranian EFL learners’ learning of requests and refusals, following a mixed method design. In the experimental part of the study, 2 intact classes were homogenized by a pret...

Exclusive Dealing Implemented Through Refusals to Deal: The Refused Party

Cross-Cultural Differences and Pragmatic Transfer in English and Persian Refusals

This study aimed to examine cross-cultural differences in performing refusal of requests between Persian native speakers (PNSs) and English native speakers (ENSs) in terms of the frequency of the semantic formulas. Also examined in this study was whether Persian EFL learners would transfer their L1 refusal patterns into the L2, and if there would be a relation between their proficiency level an...